دانلود مقاله : Selfish behaviour as an antipredator response in schooling fish? 2013

چکیده : 

One widely acknowledged benefit of group living is an increase in the efficiency of predator avoidance.

Experiments have demonstrated a variety of mechanisms involved, such as ‘the selfish herd’. In this

experiment we exposed groups of two-spot astyanax, Astyanax bimaculatus, to three predatory stimuli

(‘active search’, ‘avian pecking’ and ‘sit-and-wait’) and one nonpredatory control stimulus. In response to

these stimuli we found that fish were more likely to chase and attack a group member when exposed to

an active search predator model. This response was not observed for the control or the other predators.

This response could reduce an individual’s predation risk by making the other (i.e. the attacked) individual

more vulnerable to predation. We showed that this trait was an innate response and as such a

result of natural selection rather than a learning process. This study shows how group living may result

in active selfishness, an additional cost of group living